#’s Family

There are two categories of Sharps: .NET languages and libraries. This list includes a sampling of some of each.

A#, a port of the Ada programming language to the .NET platform, is distributed by the Department of Computer Science at the United States Air Force Academy under the GNU general public license. http://asharp.martincarlisle.com

Cocoa#, a wrapper for Cocoa that works within the Mono environment. http://www.cocoasharp.org

F#, a mixed functional and object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft Research. http://research.microsoft.com/fsharp/fsharp.aspx

Gtk#, a .NET wrapper for GTK+ and other GNOME libraries. http://www.mono-project.com/GtkSharp

J#, Microsoft’s implementation of Java, which the company is in the process of phasing out. http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/vjsharp/

Spec#, an extension of C# from Microsoft that has its own compiler that’s integrated into the Visual Studio platform. http://research.microsoft.com/specsharp

Sing#, a Spec# extension and compiler for Microsoft Research’s Singularity project. Singularity is an attempt to write a completely managed operating system from the ground up. http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1081

X# (also known as “Xen” and now officially dubbed “C Omega”) is an extension to the C# language (specifically the asynchronous wide-area concurrency Polyphonic C# language). It also provides a data-type extension for XML. http://research.microsoft.com/Comega You can read more here

Linux Shell Tip #2

In the previous post, I mentioned a case when you have run a program through the shell and you want to close the shell without closing your program.

So before you close the shell, you may notice that you can’t type any other command untill you close the running program.

What if you need to use the shell for another purpose?

This is when you need to place an ampersand “&” at the end of the command. so for the gedit example i have mentioned before, the command would be like this:

gedit &

The ampersand (&) placed at the end of the command starts the process as a background process which means that this process will not capture your keyboard input in the shell, so you can use the shell for typing any other commands.

Remember that if u close the shell the programs you have run will close. To overcome this situation you will need to use nohup in association with the “&”. So if you want to run gedit the command will:

nohup gedit &

and the general form of it would be:

nohup “your command” &

Now you can:

# Use the shell for any purpose after running the programs you want.
# Close the shell without disrupting the operation of the programs you have run.